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Case Report
A Case of Metastatic Melanoma in the Liver Mimicking Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Jae-Kyoung So, Ji-Yun Hong, Min-Woo Chung, Sung-Bum Cho
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):92-96.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.92
  • 4,897 Views
  • 238 Downloads
AbstractAbstract PDF
The liver is one of the most common sites of metastasis. Although most metastatic liver cancers are hypovascular, some hypervascular metastases, such as those from melanoma, need to be differentiated from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because they may show similar radiologic findings due to their hypervascularity. We encountered a case of multinodular liver masses with hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and washout during the portal venous and delayed phases, which were consistent with imaging hallmarks of HCC. The patient had a history of malignant melanoma and had undergone curative resection 11 years earlier. We performed a liver biopsy for pathologic confirmation, which revealed a metastatic melanoma of the liver. Metastatic liver cancer should be considered if a patient without chronic liver disease has a history of other primary malignancies, and caution should be exercised with hypervascular cancers that may mimic HCC.
Review Articles
A clinical and pathological update on hepatocellular carcinoma
Salvatore Lorenzo Renne, Luca Di Tommaso
J Liver Cancer. 2022;22(1):14-22.   Published online March 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2022.03.18
  • 4,216 Views
  • 352 Downloads
  • 8 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
It is estimated that more than 1 million individuals will be affected annually by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by 2025. HCC can be broadly grouped into two major molecular subgroups, each of which is characterized by specific morphological and phenotypic features that mirror the genetic background. The use of these tissue biomarkers in the daily practice of pathologists promises to better allocate patients with HCC with adequate treatments. In turn, this will likely boost the attitude of clinicians toward obtaining a pre-treatment biopsy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Identification of gallbladder cancer by direct near-infrared measurement of raw bile combined with two-trace two-dimensional correlation analysis
    Eunjin Jang, Woosuk Sohng, Dongho Choi, Hoeil Chung
    The Analyst.2023; 148(2): 374.     CrossRef
  • Measurement of Heavy Metal and Antioxidant-Oxidant Levels in Tissues Obtained From Three Different Localizations of Explant Hepatectomy of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Cemalettin Koc, Sami Akbulut, Kemal Baris Sarici, Muhammed Mehdi Uremis, Ufuk Gunay Dogan, Zeynep Kucukakcali, Ibrahim Umar Garzali, Ertugrul Karabulut, Yusuf Turkoz, Sezai Yilmaz
    Transplantation Proceedings.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Adding MRI as a Surveillance Test for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Can Improve Prognosis
    Su Jong Yu, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Dong Ho Lee, Su Jin Kim, Eun Ju Cho, Se Hyung Kim, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Yoon Jun Kim, Jeong Min Lee, Jae Young Lee, Jung-Hwan Yoon
    Biomedicines.2023; 11(2): 382.     CrossRef
  • Development of a sorafenib-loaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system: Formulation optimization and characterization of enhanced properties
    Chaemin Lim, Dayoon Lee, Mikyung Kim, Subin Lee, Yuseon Shin, Jacob D. Ramsey, Han-Gon Choi, Eun Seong Lee, Yu Seok Youn, Kyung Taek Oh
    Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2023; 82: 104374.     CrossRef
  • Validation of MELD 3.0 scoring system in East Asian patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation
    Jeong-Ju Yoo, Jong-In Chang, Ji Eun Moon, Dong Hyun Sinn, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim
    Liver Transplantation.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Higher Number of Tumor-Infiltrating PD-L1+ Cells Is Related to Better Response to Multikinase Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Ji Won Han, Ji Hoon Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Jeong Won Jang, Si Hyun Bae, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon, Jaegyoon Ahn, Hyun Yang, Pil Soo Sung
    Diagnostics.2023; 13(8): 1453.     CrossRef
  • Risk of dyslipidemia in chronic hepatitis B patients taking tenofovir alafenamide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Eui Gwon Hwang, Eun-Ae Jung, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim
    Hepatology International.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Recent application of artificial intelligence on histopathologic image-based prediction of gene mutation in solid cancers
    Mohammad Rizwan Alam, Kyung Jin Seo, Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Kwangil Yim, Sung Hak Lee, Hyun-Jong Jang, Chan Kwon Jung, Yosep Chong
    Briefings in Bioinformatics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Ras Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling and Kinase Suppressor of Ras as Therapeutic Targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hyuk Moon, Simon Weonsang Ro
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):1-11.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.1
  • 4,073 Views
  • 170 Downloads
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high incidence cancer and a major health concern worldwide. Among the many molecular signaling pathways that are dysregulated in HCC, the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/Raf/MAPK) signaling pathway has gained renewed attention from basic and clinical researchers. Mutations in Ras and Raf genes which are known to activate the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway have been infrequently detected in human HCC; however, the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway is activated in more than 50% of HCC cases, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the activation of the signaling pathway. Kinase suppressor of Ras acts as a molecular scaffold for facilitating the assembly of Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway components and has been implicated in the regulation of this signaling pathway. In this review, we provide important insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for HCC.

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  • Network-Pharmacology-Based Study on Active Phytochemicals and Molecular Mechanism of Cnidium monnieri in Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Shakeel Ahmad Khan, Terence Kin Wah Lee
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(10): 5400.     CrossRef
  • Identification of potential target genes of honokiol in overcoming breast cancer resistance to tamoxifen
    Adam Hermawan, Herwandhani Putri, Naufa Hanif, Nurul Fatimah, Heri Himawan Prasetio
    Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea: an Analysis of the 2015 Korean Nationwide Cancer Registry
Jun Sik Yoon, Han Ah Lee, Hwi Young Kim, Dong Hyun Sinn, Dong Ho Lee, Suk Kyun Hong, Ju-Yeon Cho, Jonggi Choi, Young Chang, Hyun-Joo Kong, Eunyang Kim, Young-Joo Won, Jeong-Hoon Lee
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):58-68.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.58
  • 4,050 Views
  • 217 Downloads
  • 12 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background/Aim
s: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Korea. This study evaluated the characteristics of Korean patients newly diagnosed with HCC in 2015.
Methods
Data from the Korean Primary Liver Cancer Registry (KPLCR), a representative sample of patients newly diagnosed with HCC in Korea, were analyzed. A total of 1,558 patients with HCC registered in the KPLCR in 2015 were investigated.
Results
The median age was 61.0 years (interquartile range, 54.0-70.0 years), and men accounted for 79.7% of the subjects. Hepatitis B virus infection was the most common underlying liver disease (58.1%). According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, stage 0, A, B, C, and D HCCs accounted for 14.2%, 31.5%, 7.6%, 39.0%, and 7.8% of patients, respectively. Transarterial therapy (32.1%) was the most commonly performed initial treatment, followed by surgical resection (23.2%), best supportive care (20.2%), and local ablation therapy (10.7%). Overall, 34.5% of patients were treated in accordance with the BCLC guidelines: 59.2% in stage 0/A, 48.4% in stage B, 18.1% in stage C, and 71.6% in stage D. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 67.1%, 50.9%, and 27.0%, respectively.
Conclusions
In 2015, approximately 45% of Korean HCC cases were diagnosed at a very early or early stage, and 35% of patients underwent potentially curative initial treatment. BCLC guidance was followed in 34.5% of patients; in patients with stage B or C disease, there was relatively low adherence.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors associated with the survival outcomes of patients with untreated hepatocellular carcinoma: An analysis of nationwide data
    Min Jung Kwon, Soy Chang, Ji Hoon Kim, Ji Won Han, Jeong Won Jang, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon, Pil Soo Sung
    Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The imitator of immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B: A killer in disguise
    Moon Haeng Hur, Jeong-Hoon Lee
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(2): 363.     CrossRef
  • Current status of ultrasonography in national cancer surveillance program for hepatocellular carcinoma in South Korea: a large-scale multicenter study
    Sun Hong Yoo, Soon Sun Kim, Sang Gyune Kim, Jung Hyun Kwon, Han-Ah Lee, Yeon Seok Seo, Young Kul Jung, Hyung Joon Yim, Do Seon Song, Seong Hee Kang, Moon Young Kim, Young-Hwan Ahn, Jieun Han, Young Seok Kim, Young Chang, Soung Won Jeong, Jae Young Jang, J
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2023; 23(1): 189.     CrossRef
  • Surgical resection versus ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: The debate is still open
    Bo Hyun Kim
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2022; 28(2): 174.     CrossRef
  • Cause of death and cause-specific mortality for primary liver cancer in South Korea: A nationwide population-based study in hepatitis B virus-endemic area
    Bo Hyun Kim, Dahhay Lee, Kyu-Won Jung, Young-Joo Won, Hyunsoon Cho
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2022; 28(2): 242.     CrossRef
  • Impact of tumor size on hepatectomy outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a nationwide propensity score matching analysis
    Suk Kyun Hong, Kwang-Woong Lee, Sola Lee, Su young Hong, Sanggyun Suh, Eui Soo Han, YoungRok Choi, Nam-Joon Yi, Kyung-Suk Suh
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2022; 102(4): 193.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and feasibility of surgery and external radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal invasion: A meta-analysis
    Han Ah Lee, Yeon Seok Seo, In-Soo Shin, Won Sup Yoon, Hye Yoon Lee, Chai Hong Rim
    International Journal of Surgery.2022; 104: 106753.     CrossRef
  • Yoon et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea: an Analysis of the 2015 Korean Nationwide Cancer Registry
    Jeong-Hoon Lee
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2022; 22(2): 207.     CrossRef
  • Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: It is time to move forward
    Bo Hyun Kim, Yuri Cho, Joong-Won Park
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2022; 28(4): 810.     CrossRef
  • Treatment patterns for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Child–Pugh class B and their impact on survival: A Korean nationwide registry study
    Dongsub Jeon, Gi‐Won Song, Han Chu Lee, Ju Hyun Shim
    Liver International.2022; 42(12): 2830.     CrossRef
  • Metastatic breast cancer from a hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report
    Hyewon Bang, Nam-Hee Kim, Seung Hye Choi, Si Hyun Bae, Eun Sun Jung, Ki Ouk Min, Yong Hwa Eom
    Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology.2022; 18(2): 93.     CrossRef
  • Current Status and Future Directions of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Test Based on Cost-effective Analysis
    Jihyun An
    The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 78(5): 255.     CrossRef
Review Articles
Differences in radiotherapy application according to regional disease characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma
Chai Hong Rim
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(2):113-123.   Published online August 11, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2021.05.26
  • 3,939 Views
  • 84 Downloads
  • 1 Citation
AbstractAbstract PDF
There are differences in opinion regarding the application of external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Some major guidelines state that external beam radiotherapy is yet to attain a sufficient level of evidence. However, caution should be exercised when attempting to understand the clinical need for external beam radiotherapy solely based on the level of evidence. Previously, external beam radiotherapy had low applicability in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma before computed tomography-based planning was popularized. Modern external beam radiotherapy can selectively target tumor cells while sparing normal liver tissues. Recent technologies such as stereotactic body radiotherapy have enabled more precise treatment. The characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma differ significantly according to the regional etiology. The main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma is the hepatitis B virus. It is commonly diagnosed as a locally advanced tumor but with relatively preserved hepatic function. The majority of these hepatocellular carcinoma cases are found in the East Asian population. Hepatocellular carcinoma caused by hepatitis C virus or other benign hepatitis tends to be diagnosed as a less locally aggressive tumor but with deteriorated liver function. The Western world and Japan tend to have patients with such causes. External beam radiotherapy has been more commonly performed for the former, although the use of external beam radiotherapy in the latter might have more concerns with regard to hepatic toxicity. This review discusses the above subjects along with perspectives regarding external beam radiotherapy in recent guidelines.

Citations

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  • Will the collaboration of surgery and external radiotherapy open new avenues for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis?
    Jung Wan Choe, Hye Yoon Lee, Chai Hong Rim
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(7): 704.     CrossRef
Update on Pathologic and Radiologic Diagnosis of Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma
Hyungjin Rhee, Jae Hyon Park, Young Nyun Park
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):12-24.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.12
  • 3,662 Views
  • 239 Downloads
  • 1 Citation
AbstractAbstract PDF
Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a malignant primary liver carcinoma characterized by the unequivocal presence of both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation within the same tumor. Recent research has highlighted that cHCC-CCAs are more heterogeneous than previously expected. In the updated consensus terminology and WHO 2019 classification, “classical type” and “subtypes with stem-cell features” of the WHO 2010 classification are no longer recommended. Instead, it is recommended that the presence and percentages of various histopathologic components and stem-cell features be mentioned in the pathologic report. The new terminology and classification enable the exchange of clearer and more objective information about cHCC-CCAs, facilitating multi-center and multinational research. However, there are limitations to the diagnosis of cHCC-CCA by imaging and biopsy. cHCC-CCAs showing typical imaging findings of HCC could be misdiagnosed as HCC and subjected to inappropriate treatment, if other clinical findings are not sufficiently considered. cHCC-CCAs showing at least one of the CCA-like imaging features or unusual clinical features should be subjected to biopsy. There may be a sampling error for the biopsy diagnosis of cHCC-CCA. An optimized diagnostic algorithm integrating clinical, radiological, and histopathologic information of biopsy is required to resolve these diagnostic pitfalls.

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  • The Human TOR Signaling Regulator Is the Key Indicator of Liver Cancer Patients’ Overall Survival: TIPRL/LC3/CD133/CD44 as Potential Biomarkers for Early Liver Cancers
    Soo Young Jun, Hyang Ran Yoon, Ji-Yong Yoon, Su-Jin Jeon, Jeong-Ju Lee, Debasish Halder, Jin-Man Kim, Nam-Soon Kim
    Cancers.2021; 13(12): 2925.     CrossRef
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis
Sang Jin Kim, Jong Man Kim
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(2):105-112.   Published online September 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2021.03.17
  • 3,465 Views
  • 174 Downloads
  • 1 Citation
AbstractAbstract PDF
Traditionally, liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis is not recommended. However, with recent developments in locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma, more aggressive treatments have been attempted for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, various studies on locoregional therapies for downstaging followed by living donor liver transplantation reported inspiring overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients. These downstaging procedures included three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, trans-arterial chemoembolization, stereotactic body radiation therapy, trans-arterial radioembolization, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and combinations of these therapies. Selection of the optimal downstaging protocol should depend on tumor location, biology and background liver status. The risk factors affecting outcome include pre-downstaging alpha-fetoprotein values, delta alpha-fetoprotein values, disappearance of portal vein tumor thrombosis on imaging and meeting the Milan criteria or not after downstaging. For hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis, downstaging procedure with liver transplantation in mind would be helpful. If the reaction of the downstaged tumor is good, liver transplantation may be performed.

Citations

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  • Prediction models of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: A comprehensive review
    Sang Jin Kim, Jong Man Kim
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2022; 28(4): 739.     CrossRef
Combination of interventional oncology local therapies and immunotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Dong-Hyun Kim
J Liver Cancer. 2022;22(2):93-102.   Published online April 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2022.03.28
  • 3,431 Views
  • 118 Downloads
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Interventional oncology (IO) local therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can activate anti-cancer immunity and it is potentially leading to an anti-cancer immunity throughout the body. For the development of an effective HCC treatment regime, great emphasis has been dedicated to different IO local therapy mediated immune modulation and possible combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. In this review paper, we summarize the status of combination of IO local therapy and immunotherapy, as well as the prospective role of therapeutic carriers and locally administered immunotherapy in advanced HCC.

Citations

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  • Syngeneic N1-S1 Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Sprague Dawley Rat for the Development of Interventional Oncology-Based Immunotherapy: Survival Assay and Tumor Immune Microenvironment
    Bongseo Choi, Jason Pe, Bo Yu, Dong-Hyun Kim
    Cancers.2023; 15(3): 913.     CrossRef
  • Preclinical Development and Validation of Translational Temperature Sensitive Iodized Oil Emulsion Mediated Transcatheter Arterial Chemo‐Immuno‐Embolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Heegon Kim, Bongseo Choi, Samdeep K. Mouli, Hyunjun Choi, Kathleen R. Harris, Laura M. Kulik, Robert J. Lewandowski, Dong‐Hyun Kim
    Advanced Healthcare Materials.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: what clinicians need to know
Jin Woo Choi, Hyo-Cheol Kim
J Liver Cancer. 2022;22(1):4-13.   Published online February 23, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2022.01.16
  • 3,420 Views
  • 191 Downloads
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium 90 (90Y) has been used in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for more than 10 years in Korea. There are two types of 90Y radioactive microspheres available, namely, glass and resin microspheres, with comparable clinical outcomes. In general, TARE outperforms transarterial chemoembolization regarding post-embolization syndrome, time to progression, tumor downsizing for liver transplantation, and hospitalization stay. Although TARE is commonly recommended for patients with unresectable large HCCs, it can be an alternative to or performed in combination with ablation, surgical resection, and systemic treatment. This review aimed to address 90Y radioactive microspheres, patient selection, clinical outcomes, simulation tests, radioembolization procedures, follow-up imaging, and complications.

Citations

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  • Transarterial chemoembolization as an alternative to radioembolization is associated with earlier tumor recurrence than in radioembolization-eligible patients
    Sung Won Chung, Heejin Cho, Hyunjae Shin, Jeayeon Park, Ju Yeon Kim, Ji Hoon Hong, Moon Haeng Hur, Min Kyung Park, Yun Bin Lee, Su Jong Yu, Myungsu Lee, Yoon Jun Kim, Jin Chul Paeng, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Jin Wook Chung, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Hyo-Cheol Kim
    Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Evolution of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma – A Systematic Review
    Brandon M Meyers, Jennifer J Knox, David M Liu, Deanna McLeod, Ravi Ramjeesingh, Vincent C Tam, Howard J Lim
    Cancer Treatment Reviews.2023; : 102584.     CrossRef
Guideline
2022 KLCA-NCC Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma
J Liver Cancer. 2023;23(1):1-120.   Published online December 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2022.11.07
  • 3,327 Views
  • 84 Downloads
  • 4 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer among men in South Korea, where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection is high in middle and old age. The current practice guidelines will provide useful and sensible advice for the clinical management of patients with HCC. A total of 49 experts in the fields of hepatology, oncology, surgery, radiology, and radiation oncology from the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guideline Revision Committee revised the 2018 Korean guidelines and developed new recommendations that integrate the most up-to-date research findings and expert opinions. These guidelines provide useful information and direction for all clinicians, trainees, and researchers in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Citations

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  • Diagnostic performance of the 2022 KLCA-NCC criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma on magnetic resonance imaging with extracellular contrast and hepatobiliary agents: comparison with the 2018 KLCA-NCC criteria
    Ja Kyung Yoon, Sunyoung Lee, Jeong Ah Hwang, Ji Eun Lee, Seung-seob Kim, Myeong-Jin Kim
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2023; 23(1): 157.     CrossRef
  • Radiologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma related to prognosis
    Shin Hye Hwang, Hyungjin Rhee
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2023; 23(1): 143.     CrossRef
  • Current status of ultrasonography in national cancer surveillance program for hepatocellular carcinoma in South Korea: a large-scale multicenter study
    Sun Hong Yoo, Soon Sun Kim, Sang Gyune Kim, Jung Hyun Kwon, Han-Ah Lee, Yeon Seok Seo, Young Kul Jung, Hyung Joon Yim, Do Seon Song, Seong Hee Kang, Moon Young Kim, Young-Hwan Ahn, Jieun Han, Young Seok Kim, Young Chang, Soung Won Jeong, Jae Young Jang, J
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2023; 23(1): 189.     CrossRef
  • Smoking Increases the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
    Jeong-Ju Yoo, Man Young Park, Eun Ju Cho, Su Jong Yu, Sang Gyune Kim, Yoon Jun Kim, Young Seok Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3336.     CrossRef
Review Article
External Beam Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Review of the Current Guidelines in the East and the West
Sang Min Yoon
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):25-33.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.25
  • 3,206 Views
  • 133 Downloads
  • 1 Citation
AbstractAbstract PDF
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is geographically heterogeneous depending on the underlying liver disease. Moreover, the decisions and recommendations about standard treatments differ between countries, especially between the East and the West. Because of the complexity of treatment decisions for the management of HCC, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended to maximize the therapeutic efficacy. External beam radiotherapy (RT) has been increasingly used to manage HCC when recommended treatments cannot be applied in real-world clinical practice. However, Western guidelines for the management of HCC do not recommend RT as a treatment option due to the lack of clinical evidence. RT has often been used more in Eastern countries than in Western countries; hence, it is necessary to review both Eastern and Western guidelines for HCC treatment regarding the recommendations about RT. In this study, the comments and potential roles of external beam RT are summarized from several treatment guidelines for the management of HCC.

Citations

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  • Differences in radiotherapy application according to regional disease characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma
    Chai Hong Rim
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2021; 21(2): 113.     CrossRef
Case Report
Huge Hepatic Angiomyolipoma Mimicking Low Grade Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hyeo Seong Hwang, Dae Hoon Han
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):76-80.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.76
  • 2,800 Views
  • 49 Downloads
AbstractAbstract PDF
A 41-year-old man was diagnosed with a huge symptomatic liver mass and was referred to our hospital for liver biopsy and further evaluation. He presented with right upper quadrant tenderness. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 12.5-cm relatively well-defined heterogeneous enhancing mass in the right inferior liver with a large exophytic component containing a fat component and progressive delayed enhancement. The patient underwent right inferior sectionectomy. The pathological diagnosis was confirmed as angiomyolipoma, 12.3×9.2×5.0 cm in size, with tumor necrosis in 20% of the tissue. Hepatic angiomyolipoma is known as a benign tumor, but in our case, because of the large tumor size and coagulative necrosis, this tumor had malignant potential; surgical resection was deemed to be appropriate, and close follow-up monitoring was essential postoperatively.
Original Article
Incidence and Clinical Features of Hepatitis C Virus-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients without Liver Cirrhosis in Hepatitis B Virus-endemic Area
Jongbeom Shin, Jung Hwan Yu, Young-Joo Jin, Jin-Woo Lee
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):34-44.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.34
  • 2,786 Views
  • 79 Downloads
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/objective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rarely observed in patients without liver cirrhosis (LC). We evaluated the incidence and clinical feature of HCV-associated HCC patients with or without LC.
Methods
The medical records of 1,516 patients diagnosed as having primary HCC at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Of these, 154 (10.2%) HCV-associated HCC patients were analyzed. LC was diagnosed histologically or clinically.
Results
Seventeen (11.0%) of the 154 patients had non-cirrhotic HCC, and all were of Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class A, Among the 17 patients, 88.2% were male, all had nodular type HCC, and only 2 (11.8%) were under HCC surveillance. Median overall survival (OS) of HCV-associated HCC patients with and without LC was 15 months and 37 months, respectively. Cumulative OS rates were not different between non-cirrhotic patients and cirrhotic patients with CTP class A (P=0.229). Cumulative OS rates were significantly higher in non-cirrhotic patients than in cirrhotic patients of CTP class B (P<0.001) or C (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed serum AST (hazard ratio [HR] 1.01, P=0.003) and AFP levels (HR 1.01, P=0.016), antiviral therapy (HR 0.25, P=0.022), and LC of CTP class B (HR, 5.24, P=0.006) or C (HR 21.79, P<0.001) were significantly associated with prognosis in HCV-associated HCC patients.
Conclusions
HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver was found in 11% of HCV-associated HCC patients. OSs of HCV-associated HCC patients were better in those of CTP A, regardless of LC than in those with LC of CTP class B or C.
Review Article
Recent updates on the classification of hepatoblastoma according to the International Pediatric Liver Tumors Consensus
Se Un Jeong, Hyo Jeong Kang
J Liver Cancer. 2022;22(1):23-29.   Published online March 17, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.2022.02.24
  • 2,768 Views
  • 252 Downloads
  • 1 Citation
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hepatoblastoma is the most common pediatric liver malignancy and usually occurs within the first 3 years of life. In recent years, the overall incidence of hepatoblastoma has exhibited the greatest increase among all pediatric malignancies worldwide. The diagnosis of hepatoblastoma may be challenging due to the lack of a current consensus classification system. The International Pediatric Liver Tumors Consensus introduced guidelines and a consensus classification for the diagnosis of hepatoblastoma as either epithelial or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal and in the updated 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Digestive System Tumors.

Citations

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  • Adult hepatoblastoma: making the challenging distinction from hepatocellular carcinoma
    Allison Kaye L. Pagarigan, Paulo Giovanni L. Mendoza
    Journal of Liver Cancer.2023; 23(1): 219.     CrossRef
Original Article
Prediction of Post-resection Prognosis Using the ADV Score for Huge Hepatocellular Carcinomas ≥13 cm
Shin Hwang, Ki-Hun Kim, Deok-Bog Moon, Chul-Soo Ahn, Tae-Yong Ha, Gi-Won Song, Dong-Hwan Jung, Gil-Chun Park
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):45-57.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17998/jlc.21.1.45
  • 2,741 Views
  • 68 Downloads
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background/Aim
s: Multiplication of α-fetoprotein, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin, and tumor volume (ADV score) is a surrogate marker for post-resection prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to validate the predictive power of the ADV score-based prognostic prediction model for patients with solitary huge HCC.
Methods
Of 3,018 patients, 100 patients who underwent hepatic resection for solitary HCC ≥13 cm between 2008 and 2012 were selected.
Results
The median tumor diameter and tumor volume were 15.0 cm and 886 mL, respectively. Tumor recurrence and overall survival (OS) rates were 70.7% and 66.0% at one year and 84.9% and 34.0% at five years, respectively. Microvascular invasion (MVI) was the only independent risk factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and OS. DFS and OS, stratified by ADV score with 1-log intervals, showed significant prognostic contrasts (P=0.007 and P=0.017, respectively). DFS and OS, stratified by ADV score with a cut-off of 8-log, showed significant prognostic contrasts (P=0.014 and P=0.042, respectively). The combination of MVI and ADV score with a cut-off of 8-log also showed significant prognostic contrasts in DFS (P<0.001) and OS (P=0.001) considering the number of risk factors. Prognostic contrast was enhanced after combining the MVI and ADV score.
Conclusions
The prognostic prediction model with the ADV score could reliably predict the risk of tumor recurrence and long-term patient survival outcomes in patients with solitary huge HCCs ≥13 cm. The results of this study suggest that our prognostic prediction models can be used to guide surgical treatment and post-resection follow-up for patients with huge HCCs.

JLC : Journal of Liver Cancer