Downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is typically defined as the reduction in size or number of viable tumors through locoregional therapy (LRT), aiming to meet the established criteria for liver transplantation (LT). According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, a subgroup of patients with BCLC-B may benefit most from downstaging therapies. The United Network Organ Sharing downstaging protocol identifies potential candidates for downstaging by setting out ‘inclusion criteria’ and defining ‘successful downstaging.’ Additionally, the protocol considers factors related to tumor biology, such as an alphafetoprotein level <500 ng/mL after LRT. Reports indicate that successful downstaging rates following LRT are about 50%, with post- LT recurrence rates comparable to those of patients within the Milan criteria. A comprehensive multicenter US study on 10-year outcomes post-LT after downstaging showed 10-year post-LT survival and recurrence rates of 52.1% and 20.6%, respectively, for patients whose disease was downstaged; this compares to 61.5% and 13.3% for those consistently within the Milan criteria. Recently, the development of effective systemic treatments for HCC, such as immuno-oncologic agents, has provided additional opportunities for downstaging. Numerous clinical trials are exploring a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) combining LRT and systemic therapy. Although concrete evidence of the superiority of MDA for HCC downstaging is lacking, some retrospective studies and phase I and II trials have shown promising results regarding the efficacy and safety of MDA for this purpose. In this review, we will also discuss the future of MDA protocols in downstaging for improved clinical outcomes.
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Management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging due to the complex relationship between underlying liver disease, tumor burden, and liver function. HCC is also notorious for its high recurrence rate even after curative treatment for early-stage tumor. Liver transplantation can substantially alter patient prognosis, but donor availability varies by each patient which further complicates treatment decision. Recent advancements in HCC treatments have introduced numerous potentially efficacious treatment modalities. However, high level evidence comparing the risks and benefits of these options is limited. In this complex situation, multidisciplinary approach or multidisciplinary team care has been suggested as a valuable strategy to help cope with escalating complexity in HCC management. Multidisciplinary approach involves collaboration among medical and health care professionals from various academic disciplines to provide comprehensive care. Although evidence suggests that multidisciplinary care can enhance outcomes of HCC patients, robust data from randomized controlled trials are currently lacking. Moreover, the implementation of a multidisciplinary approach necessitates increased medical resources compared to conventional cancer care. This review summarizes the current evidence on the role of multidisciplinary approach in HCC management and explores potential future directions.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cytotoxic chemotherapy-resistant tumor and most HCCs arise in a background of liver cirrhosis of various causes. Although the IMBrave150 trial showed remarkable advancements in the treatment of unresectable HCC with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (AteBeva), therapeutic outcomes were unsatisfactory in more than half of the patients. Accordingly, many ongoing trials combine conventional modalities with new drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors for better treatment outcomes, and they are expected to benefit patients with limited responses to conventional treatment. Here, two patients with advanced stage HCC with preserved liver function and good performance status showed partial response after treatment with combination or sequential therapy of AteBeva, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and transarterial chemoembolization. These findings indicate the efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment against advanced HCC. Additional studies are required to establish optimal treatment strategies.
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Despite recent advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the prognosis
of patients with extrahepatic metastasis from HCC still remains dismal. The current study
presents a case of HCC that was metastatic to the pelvis and describes successful treatment
with multidisciplinary approach to the skeletal metastasis. The patient was a 67-year-old
male who presented with right pelvic pain 28 months following right hepatectomy for HCC.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging indicated a solitary bone metastasis
without intrahepatic recurrence. Complete response was achieved with multidisciplinary
management including sorafenib, transarterial embolization, surgery to remove the
metastatic mass and radiotherapy after surgery. A post-operative follow-up 15 months later
found that the patient remained in good health with maintained complete response. This case
suggests that a multidisciplinary approach can achieve long-term cancer-free survival and
prolonged life expectancy beyond palliative care for patients with solitary bone metastasis
after curative surgery for HCC.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most important malignancies in Korea with high mortality rates. Although current
guidelines define treatment algorithm by performance status, underlying liver function, size and number of hepatocellular
carcinoma, those are not fully reflect the complexities of patients’ characteristics and recently advanced available therapeutic
options. Treatment can be optimized by available therapeutic options based on the patients’ characteristics. Because of the
heterogeneity in presentation among patients, it is now widely accepted that management of hepatocellular carcinoma requires
multimodality and multidisciplinary treatment approaches involving hepatologists, surgeons, interventional radiologists, and
radiation oncologists. These approaches are important in improving the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cure by single modality for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult. Therefore, multidisciplinary approaches are
needed to get a better outcome for advanced HCC. In this paper, we report a case of advanced HCC treated with curative surgical
resection after downstaging by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). A 50-year-old male patient had a maximum 16.0
cm sized HCC in the right lobe. He achieved a partial response after 2 cycles of HAIC with 5-FU (750 mg/m2) and cisplatin (25
mg/m2). After completion of 6 cycles, he received a curative right hepatectomy and the histopathology revealed 95% of tumor
necrosis. He is under follow-up without recurrence at 14 months of surgery. This case suggests that surgery after downstaging by
HAIC may provide good clinical outcome in advanced HCC.