Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, combined HCC–CCA is a rare malignancy exhibiting hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation. For both tumors, R0 resection with regional lymph node dissection remains the only potentially curative treatment. Nevertheless, key aspects of surgical management remain controversial. In this narrative review, we synthesize contemporary evidence on the surgical management of intrahepatic CCA and combined HCC–CCA. We summarize current data on lymphadenectomy, safety, and oncologic comparability of minimally invasive versus open surgery, and integration of liver hypertrophy techniques for major hepatectomy. We also review the emerging clinical experience with immune checkpoint inhibitor–based chemoimmunotherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment and conversion surgery for advanced disease. We highlight persisting knowledge gaps and propose practical perspectives to support individualized surgical planning for this heterogeneous disease.

• Keywords: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma; Prognosis; Recurrence