¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
³Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
⁴Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
⁵Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
⁶Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
⁷Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
⁸Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
⁹Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
¹⁰Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
¹¹Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
¹²Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
¹³Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea

Corresponding author:  Sang Min Yoon,
Email: drsmyoon@amc.seoul.kr
June Sung Lee,
Email: jsleemd@paik.ac.kr

Received: 9 July 2026   • Revised: 5 August 2026   • Accepted: 22 August 2026
Jinhong Jung and Han Ah Lee contributed equally to this study as co-first authors.